12.09.2021, 05:01
![[Obrazek: aacp_1024.gif]](https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2021-09/aacp_1024.gif)
The weird thing happens before a strong thunderstorm produces a tornado, high winds, or hail: chunks of ice and water called anvil over the anvil (AACP) rise above the storm clouds and head in the wind. It is an early warning system for extreme weather events.For the first time, scientists think they've discovered what causes these overcast clouds. The so-called hydraulic jump – seen when a waterfall falls into the calm water below, forming a foaming
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cloud – is created as air rises to the top and falls back into the rainstorm cloud. thunder The researchers behind the new study say their findings could warn people in advance of the risks of tornadoes, high winds and hail. This is especially true in places where existing Doppler radar system technology is either unavailable or unavailable to use.Morgan O'Neill, an atmospheric scientist at Stanford University and lead author of the study, said:
If there is a severe hurricane We can see it from space. “We cannot see tornadoes. because it is hidden beneath the top of the thunderstorm We need to better understand the storm's peak.O'Neill and her colleagues conducted a detailed simulation of supercell thunderstorms, which are the types of storms most likely to cause tornadoes. in these ferocious supercells Powerful whirlwinds push moist air higher than normal in the Earth's atmosphere.
through the lower troposphere to the stratosphere Rising air crests - AACPs - will soon return to the troposphere. But the model shows winds that are steeper at the border of the troposphere and stratosphere with wind speeds of up to 240 mph (386 kph).Scientists suggest that this intense turbulence caused a hydraulic jump. And those jumps can quickly inject large amounts of steam into the stratosphere.

